Why this calculator works: We use standard US construction densities (approx. 1.4 – 1.5 tons per cubic yard) and include a waste factor to account for compaction. Compaction is key—base material settles significantly.

• Depth Matters: For pedestrian walkways, 4 inches is standard. For driveways or heavy loads, increase depth to 8-12 inches.
• Material Choice: “Quarry Process” (often called 2A Modified in PA/NJ or Crusher Run) is the gold standard because it compacts hard. Clean gravel (57 stone) does not compact well and is not recommended as a base layer.
• Compaction: Always moisten your base material slightly before using a plate compactor. Pass over the area 4-6 times.